目 錄
第1章 X射線衍射.....................................................................................................001
1.1 X射線衍射的工作原理 ..............................................................................002
1.2 X射線衍射儀的構(gòu)造 ..................................................................................004
1.2.1 X射線發(fā)生器 ...................................................................................005
1.2.2 衍射測(cè)角儀......................................................................................006
1.2.3 X射線檢測(cè)器 ...................................................................................009
1.2.4 X射線系統(tǒng)控制裝置 .......................................................................011
1.3 其他相關(guān)說明.............................................................................................012
1.3.1 德拜-謝樂公式.................................................................................012
1.3.2 小角X射線散射 ...............................................................................014
1.3.3 中子衍射..........................................................................................015
1.3.4 X射線吸收近邊結(jié)構(gòu)分析................................................................016
1.3.5 擴(kuò)展X射線吸收精細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)分析........................................................018
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)測(cè)試及分析.........................................................................................019
1.4.1 樣品制備..........................................................................................019
1.4.2 數(shù)據(jù)處理..........................................................................................021
1.4.3 數(shù)據(jù)精修..........................................................................................022
1.5 X射線衍射的應(yīng)用......................................................................................024
1.5.1 應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域..........................................................................................024
1.5.2 應(yīng)用實(shí)例..........................................................................................025
1.6 習(xí)題 ............................................................................................................028
參考文獻(xiàn) .............................................................................................................028
第2章 掃描電子顯微鏡............................................................................................030
2.1 掃描電鏡的基本原理.................................................................................031
2.1.1 加速電壓..........................................................................................032
2.1.2 原子序數(shù)..........................................................................................033
2.1.3 傾斜..................................................................................................033
2.2 掃描電鏡的組成和工作系統(tǒng) .....................................................................034
2.3 掃描電鏡樣品制樣.....................................................................................036
2.3.1 常規(guī)樣品的制樣 ..............................................................................036
2.3.2 非常規(guī)樣品的制樣 ..........................................................................037
2.4 能譜儀 ........................................................................................................038
2.4 應(yīng)用 ............................................................................................................039
2.4.1 掃描電鏡的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域 ......................................................................039
2.4.2 掃描電鏡的應(yīng)用實(shí)例 ......................................................................041
2.5 習(xí)題 ............................................................................................................043
參考文獻(xiàn) .............................................................................................................044
第3章 透射電子顯微鏡............................................................................................045
3.1 透射電子顯微鏡的工作原理及構(gòu)造..........................................................046
3.1.1 透射電子顯微鏡的工作原理...........................................................046
3.1.2 透射電子顯微鏡的構(gòu)造...................................................................047
3.2 透射電鏡的數(shù)據(jù)處理.................................................................................053
3.2.1 透射電鏡的圖像處理 ......................................................................053
3.2.2 透射電鏡圖像的晶格間距計(jì)算.......................................................054
3.2.3 高角環(huán)形暗場(chǎng)顯微分析...................................................................055
3.2.4 選區(qū)電子衍射..................................................................................056
3.3 透射電鏡的樣品制備.................................................................................058
3.3.1 超聲分散法......................................................................................058
3.3.2 雙噴電解拋光法 ..............................................................................058
3.3.3 離子減薄法......................................................................................059
3.3.4 聚焦離子束技術(shù) ..............................................................................060
3.3.5 超薄切片技術(shù)..................................................................................060
3.3.6 負(fù)染法..............................................................................................061
3.4 透射電子顯微鏡的應(yīng)用實(shí)例 .....................................................................062
3.5 習(xí)題 ............................................................................................................065
參考文獻(xiàn) .............................................................................................................066
第4章 X射線光電子能譜.........................................................................................067
4.1 X射線光電子能譜的工作原理...................................................................068
4.1.1 表面分析..........................................................................................068
4.1.2 X射線光電子能譜的發(fā)展歷程.......................................................069
4.1.3 X射線光電子能譜儀的工作原理....................................................071
4.2 X射線光電子能譜儀的結(jié)構(gòu) ......................................................................075
4.2.1 Ｘ射線激發(fā)源..................................................................................076
4.2.2 電子能量分析器 ..............................................................................076
4.2.3 檢測(cè)器..............................................................................................078
4.2.4 真空系統(tǒng)..........................................................................................078
4.2.5 離子槍..............................................................................................078
4.3 X射線光電子能譜的實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)與數(shù)據(jù)處理 ...............................................078
4.3.1 XPS樣品處理...................................................................................078
4.3.2 X射線光電子能譜解析....................................................................079
4.3.3 X射線光電子能譜數(shù)據(jù)處理............................................................082
4.3.4 數(shù)據(jù)分析流程.....................................................................................084
4.4 X射線光電子能譜的應(yīng)用 ..........................................................................085
4.4.1 X射線光電子能譜的特點(diǎn)及應(yīng)用....................................................085
4.4.2 X射線光電子能譜的應(yīng)用................................................................087
4.4.3 X射線光電子能譜的應(yīng)用實(shí)例........................................................088
4.4.4 X射線光電子能譜的發(fā)展前景........................................................091
4.5 習(xí)題 ............................................................................................................092
參考文獻(xiàn) .............................................................................................................092
第5章 光譜分析 .......................................................................................................094
5.1 紫外-可見光譜 ...........................................................................................094
5.1.1 原理..................................................................................................095
5.1.2 儀器..................................................................................................095
5.1.3 紫外-可見光譜樣品的制備 .............................................................099
5.1.4 紫外-可見分光光度計(jì)的應(yīng)用 .........................................................099
5.2 傅里葉變換紅外光譜.................................................................................102
5.2.1 原理..................................................................................................102
5.2.2 傅里葉紅外光譜儀 ..........................................................................106
5.2.3 樣品的制備......................................................................................107
5.2.4 應(yīng)用..................................................................................................108
5.3 拉曼光譜 ....................................................................................................112
5.3.1 原理和儀器......................................................................................113
5.3.2 拉曼光譜儀......................................................................................117
5.3.3 樣品的制備和觀察方法...................................................................118
5.3.4 拉曼光譜的應(yīng)用 ..............................................................................118
5.4 熒光光譜 ....................................................................................................122
5.4.1 熒光原理..........................................................................................122
5.4.2 熒光光譜儀......................................................................................127
5.4.3 樣品制備..........................................................................................128
5.4.4 應(yīng)用..................................................................................................129
5.5 習(xí)題 ............................................................................................................130
參考文獻(xiàn) .............................................................................................................133
第6章 熱分析 ...........................................................................................................135
6.1 熱分析方法.................................................................................................135
6.1.1 熱分析分類......................................................................................136
6.1.2 熱分析的應(yīng)用..................................................................................137
6.1.3 熱分析儀的構(gòu)成 ..............................................................................138
6.1.4 熱分析相關(guān)的國(guó)際期刊...................................................................138
6.2 熱重分析 ....................................................................................................139
6.2.1 熱重分析的原理 ..............................................................................139
6.2.2 熱重分析儀的結(jié)構(gòu) ..........................................................................141
6.2.3 熱重分析實(shí)驗(yàn)方法 ..........................................................................142
6.2.4 熱重分析的應(yīng)用及實(shí)例...................................................................144
6.3 差示掃描量熱法.........................................................................................145
6.3.1 差示掃描量熱的原理 ......................................................................145
6.3.2 差示掃描量熱儀的結(jié)構(gòu)...................................................................148
6.3.3 DSC基線及其校正方法...................................................................150
6.3.4 差示掃描量熱的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法...............................................................152
6.3.5 差示掃描量熱的應(yīng)用及實(shí)例...........................................................157
6.4 熱分析聯(lián)用技術(shù).........................................................................................158
6.5 習(xí)題 ............................................................................................................160
參考文獻(xiàn) .............................................................................................................160
第7章 原子力顯微鏡................................................................................................161
7.1 原子力顯微鏡的工作原理及構(gòu)造..............................................................162
7.1.1 原子力顯微鏡的工作原理...............................................................162
7.1.2 原子力顯微鏡的構(gòu)造 ......................................................................163
7.2 原子力顯微鏡的工作模式 .........................................................................164
7.2.1 接觸模式..........................................................................................164
7.2.2 非接觸模式......................................................................................165
7.2.3 敲擊模式..........................................................................................165
7.2.4 三種模式的比較 ..............................................................................166
7.2.5 其他模式..........................................................................................166
7.3 原子力顯微鏡制樣要求 .............................................................................167
7.4 原子力顯微鏡的應(yīng)用.................................................................................167
7.4.1 表面形貌分析..................................................................................168
7.4.2 力學(xué)性質(zhì)測(cè)量..................................................................................168
7.4.3 電磁性質(zhì)研究..................................................................................168
7.4.4 納米材料研究..................................................................................168
7.4.5 實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)..................................................................................169
7.4.6 與其他技術(shù)結(jié)合應(yīng)用 ......................................................................169
7.5 原子力顯微鏡的應(yīng)用實(shí)例 .........................................................................169
7.6 習(xí)題 ............................................................................................................171
參考文獻(xiàn) .............................................................................................................171
第8章 電化學(xué)分析 ...................................................................................................173
8.1 電化學(xué)基本原理.........................................................................................174
8.1.1 法拉第定律......................................................................................174
8.1.2 能斯特方程......................................................................................175
8.1.3 巴特勒-福爾默方程.........................................................................175
8.2 電化學(xué)基本概念.........................................................................................176
8.2.1 電解質(zhì)與離子移動(dòng) ..........................................................................176
8.2.2 氧化還原反應(yīng)..................................................................................177
8.2.3 電極電位..........................................................................................177
8.2.4 化學(xué)電池..........................................................................................177
8.2.5 過電位..............................................................................................178
8.2.6 速率控制步驟..................................................................................178
8.3 常用的電化學(xué)測(cè)試方法 .............................................................................179
8.3.1 循環(huán)伏安法......................................................................................179
8.3.2 線性掃描伏安法 ..............................................................................182
8.3.3 電化學(xué)阻抗譜..................................................................................185
8.4 電化學(xué)測(cè)試過程.........................................................................................188
8.4.1 原理..................................................................................................189
8.4.2 三電極體系......................................................................................189
8.4.3 儀器設(shè)備..........................................................................................190
8.4.4 常見的電化學(xué)測(cè)試過程...................................................................190
8.5 電化學(xué)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用實(shí)例 .............................................................................191
8.6 習(xí)題 ............................................................................................................195
參考文獻(xiàn) .............................................................................................................196
